The cosmic web is among the largest structures in the universe, spanning a network of nodes interconnected by filaments.

General relativity describes spacetime as a smooth, continuous fabric that dynamically curves in response to mass and energy. While widely accepted, it remains incomplete due to the presence of singularities.

Superclusters are among the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of groups of galaxy clusters.

In recent years, observations of our nearest galactic neighbour, Messier 31 (M31) or the Andromeda galaxy, have identified that the system has undergone a tumultuous history.