Our most successful cosmological model, Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM), relies on the tenets set forth in the Cosmological Principle which states that at large scales, the universe is homogeneous and isotropic.

The cosmic web is among the largest structures in the universe, spanning a network of nodes interconnected by filaments.

General relativity describes spacetime as a smooth, continuous fabric that dynamically curves in response to mass and energy. While widely accepted, it remains incomplete due to the presence of singularities.

Superclusters are among the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of groups of galaxy clusters.