In recent years, observations of our nearest galactic neighbour, Messier 31 (M31) or the Andromeda galaxy, have identified that the system has undergone a tumultuous history.

When observing our closest neighbouring stars, astronomers quickly realised that our Sun stands out from its peers of similar age, possessing a notably greater metallicity.

Foundational cosmological models of structure formation, based on the growth of density perturbations in the early universe, do not account for the formation of objects as dense as black holes.