The space between galaxies in a cluster is not entirely dark. Scattered across these vast regions is a faint, diffuse glow known as intracluster light (ICL).

Our standard model of cosmology, known as ΛCDM, is predicated on the existence of dark matter (DM), introduced to explain a variety of observational discrepancies, such as the unexpectedly fast rotation of galaxies, gravi

In recent years, observations of our nearest galactic neighbour, Messier 31 (M31) or the Andromeda galaxy, have identified that the system has undergone a tumultuous history.

When observing our closest neighbouring stars, astronomers quickly realised that our Sun stands out from its peers of similar age, possessing a notably greater metallicity.

Foundational cosmological models of structure formation, based on the growth of density perturbations in the early universe, do not account for the formation of objects as dense as black holes.