Our most successful cosmological model, Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM), relies on the tenets set forth in the Cosmological Principle which states that at large scales, the universe is homogeneous and isotropic.
General relativity describes spacetime as a smooth, continuous fabric that dynamically curves in response to mass and energy. While widely accepted, it remains incomplete due to the presence of singularities.
In recent years, observations of our nearest galactic neighbour, Messier 31 (M31) or the Andromeda galaxy, have identified that the system has undergone a tumultuous history.
One of the key questions in modern cosmology is determining the precise value of the Hubble parameter (H₀), which describes the linear relationship between an object's recession velocity and its distance.