General relativity describes spacetime as a smooth, continuous fabric that dynamically curves in response to mass and energy. While widely accepted, it remains incomplete due to the presence of singularities.

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Superclusters are among the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of groups of galaxy clusters.

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In recent years, observations of our nearest galactic neighbour, Messier 31 (M31) or the Andromeda galaxy, have identified that the system has undergone a tumultuous history.

One of the key questions in modern cosmology is determining the precise value of the Hubble parameter (H₀), which describes the linear relationship between an object's recession velocity and its distance.