The Λ-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model successfully explains many large-scale cosmological phenomena, but the early presence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) still poses a major challenge.

Current planetary formation models propose that as the gas and dust around a young star cools, refractory materials begin to condense.

Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are a class of exoplanets that are both massive and extremely hot, making them prime targets for atmospheric characterisation.

The interstellar medium (ISM) is typically divided into distinct regions, each defined by specific properties such as density, temperature, and composition. Among these, molecular clouds represents the densest phase.

The exoplanet K2-18 was discovered in 2015 and has since emerged as one of the most promising candidates in the search for habitable worlds.

Type Ia supernovae are a crucial class of astronomical events in the study of cosmology, due to their use as standard candles.

Superclusters are among the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of groups of galaxy clusters.

One of the key questions in modern cosmology is determining the precise value of the Hubble parameter (H₀), which describes the linear relationship between an object's recession velocity and its distance.

It is not quite understood why we are able to observe supermassive black holes (SMBHs) early in our universe’s history. Leading theories can be separated into two camps.

Once a star has exhausted the nuclear fuel available in its core, it can no longer exert the necessary outward pressure to counteract the gravitational pressure from its own mass.

Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that occupy the gap between the largest planets and the smallest stars.